Katie has a PhD in maths, specializing in the intersection of dynamical systems and number theory. She reports on topics from maths and history to society and animals. Katie has a PhD in maths, ...

The evolution of eukaryotic cells represents one of the most pivotal transitions in the history of life, marked by the emergence of cellular compartmentalisation and increased complexity. Central to ...

In this computer simulation of a self-replicating structure, the pink square represents the signal to degrade the connection between the "parent" structure (left) and its "offspring" (right). This ...

The theory of evolution by natural selection was first formulated in Darwin’s book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859. It ...

Part I. Selection: Darwin and natural selection -- The group selection controversy -- For whose good does natural selection work? -- Part II. Adaptation: Darwin (and others) on biological perfection - ...

1. The environment as a normal agent in producing phenotypes -- 2. How agents in the environment effect molecular changes in development -- 3. Developmental symbiosis: co-development as a strategy for ...