we use lower and upper bounds. The lower bound is the smallest value that would round up to the estimated value. The upper bound is the smallest value that would round up to the next estimated value.

For most arrays, 1 is a convenient lower bound, so you do not need to specify the lower bound. However, specifying both the lower and the upper bounds is useful when the array dimensions have ...

The Artstor website will be retired on Aug 1st. Demographic Research Vol. 24, JANUARY - JUNE 2011 Life expectancy: Lower and upper bounds ... We give simple upper and lower bounds on life expectancy.