Aa Aa Aa Biogeochemical cycles describe pathways by which chemical elements move through both biotic (the biosphere) and abiotic compartments (the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere ...

The plant cell wall is a dynamic and complex structure that plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and defense.

E. Hutchinson argued that evolution is a play taking place on an ecological stage (1965), his point was that ecological interactions — between species and the living (biotic) and non-living ...

Abiotic stresses, such as cold, heat, drought, salinity, and heavy metals, limit plant growth. Plants interact with a wide ...