The effects of the radiation environment on the instruments of the XMM-Newton spacecraft were modeled with GEANT4 prior to launch by the European Space Agency in 1999. XMM-Newton carries the most ...

Physicists and other scientists use the GEANT4 toolkit to identify problems before they occur. Physicists can tell the future—or at least foresee multiple possible versions of it. They do this through ...

Radiation Research, Vol. 184, No. 1 (July 2015), pp. 83-94 (12 pages) The natural radiative atmospheric environment is composed of secondary cosmic rays produced when primary cosmic rays hit the ...