Another contributor to Thunderbolt 5’s speed is a technology called PAM-3. It’s an improved implementation of a popular data transmission technique known as PAM, or pulse-amplitude modulation.

Complex light modulation—controlling light’s amplitude and phase—is key to many laser applications such as optical tweezers and holographic displays. To achieve such modulation ...

Electro-optic modulators are key components in data communication and microwave photonics. Large modulation bandwidth, high energy efficiency, and compact device footprint are crucial metrics of a ...