For decades, hybrid vehicles have relied on nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery technology — reliable, yes, but also aging.

Cations can be identified with flame tests or precipitate tests using sodium hydroxide and ammonia solutions. Anions (halide, sulfate, and carbonate ions) can be identified using precipitate tests ...

the cost of sodium hydroxide, a key raw material, is far lower than lithium-hydroxide. (Although battery companies have reached better economies of scale with lithium-ions.) Sodium-ion batteries ...