Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.

PID loops are a central component of modulating boiler control systems with applications ranging from basic steam header pressure control to cascading 3-element drum level control. A modern ...

If you’ve had the classic engineering education, you probably have a hazy recollection of someone talking about control theory. If you haven’t, you’ve probably at least heard of PID controllers and ...

For the PDF version of this article, click here. More than 80% of the motors bought each year continue to be low-cost single-phase ac motors. Because these motors are not very efficient when ...

Withclosed loop speed control, the fan controller ensures that the fan isrunning at the desired speed by measuring the actual speed and adjustingthe duty cycle accordingly. Here the host specifies the ...

Looking back through the history of automation, it’s not difficult to see how most advances are extensions of existing technologies. This can be seen at all levels of automation—from the evolution of ...