Cell membranes protect and organize cells. All cells have an outer plasma membrane that regulates not only what enters the cell, but also how much of any given substance comes in. Unlike prokaryotes, ...

Cigarette smoking is prevalent worldwide and causes numerous diseases, yet our understanding of how cigarette smoke (CS) causes serious respiratory illnesses is incomplete, and has held back the ...

The human body can be thought of as a complex chemical factory with different processes occurring simultaneously at the microscopic level. Scientists have long been fascinated with such processes as ...

CD4+ T cells, or helper T cells, are one type of lymphocyte that helps coordinate the immune response against infection and disease. They interact and activate other cells in the immune system. The ...